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1789

institutional cultural legislation

Three-Fifths Clause Adopted in U.S. Constitution

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA · On map

Three-Fifths Clause Adopted in U.S. Constitution
Three-Fifths Clause Adopted in U.S. Constitution

The U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1789, included the Three-Fifths Clause (Article I, Section 2), counting enslaved persons as three-fifths of a person for congressional representation and taxation. This provision amplified the political power of slaveholding states while denying enslaved Black people any legal personhood or voting rights. The clause entrenched racial hierarchy in the nation's founding legal framework and remained until the 14th Amendment (1868) superseded it.

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