1919
Elaine, Arkansas, AR · On map
During the Red Summer of 1919, white mobs and federal troops killed hundreds of Black sharecroppers in the Philips County area after a dispute over labor organization[11]. Estimates of Black deaths range from 100 to more than 200, while only five white people died, making it one of the deadliest racial massacres in U.S. history[11]. The event was largely suppressed in official records for decades but is now recognized as a major pogrom against Black farmers[11].
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