1919
Multiple cities including Chicago, Washington D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas, US
The summer of 1919, known as Red Summer, saw over 30 anti-Black riots erupt in at least 26 cities across the United States following World War I[5]. In Chicago, 38 people died and 1,000 were homeless; in Elaine, Arkansas, as many as 300 Black residents were murdered in a massacre[5]. The violence was fueled by racial tension, labor competition, and white supremacist mob action[5].
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