1910
New York City, New York, NY · On map
Real estate agents and banks in New York City systematically enforced racially restrictive housing covenants that barred Black residents from buying homes in white neighborhoods. These practices laid the foundation for modern redlining, where federal and private lenders denied mortgages in minority areas based on race. The covenants were legally upheld until Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948, which ruled them unenforceable under the 14th Amendment.
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