Colorado National Guard and company guards attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners—many of them immigrant and Mexican American families—killing strikers, women, and children during the Colorado Coalfield War.
📍Ludlow, Colorado, CO
👤LaborLatinoRacial violence
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Colorado National Guard and company guards attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners—many of them immigrant and Mexican American families—killing strikers, women, and children during the Colorado Coalfield War.
President Woodrow Wilson institutionalized segregation in the federal civil service, reversing earlier Reconstruction-era efforts to integrate federal workplaces. By the end of World War I, the District of Columbia was thoroughly segregated, including federal buildings and services. This policy marked a significant …
📍Washington, DC, DC
👤African AmericanJim Crow
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President Woodrow Wilson institutionalized segregation in the federal civil service, reversing earlier Reconstruction-era efforts to integrate federal workplaces. By the end of World War I, the District of Columbia was thoroughly segregated, including federal buildings and services. This policy marked a significant federal endorsement of racial discrimination and undermined Black civil servants' rights.
Real estate agents and banks in New York City systematically enforced racially restrictive housing covenants that barred Black residents from buying homes in white neighborhoods. These practices laid the foundation for modern redlining, where federal and private lenders denied mortgages in minority …
📍New York City, New York, NY
👤African AmericanHousing & redliningJim Crow
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Real estate agents and banks in New York City systematically enforced racially restrictive housing covenants that barred Black residents from buying homes in white neighborhoods. These practices laid the foundation for modern redlining, where federal and private lenders denied mortgages in minority areas based on race. The covenants were legally upheld until Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948, which ruled them unenforceable under the 14th Amendment.
