1966
Oakland, California, CA · On map
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, emphasizing Black self-reliance, armed self-defense against police brutality, and community control. The party rejected passive resistance, demanding economic justice and political power over their own schools and businesses[5][11]. Their formation marked a major shift toward the Black Power movement's ideology of self-determination[6][11].
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