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1995

institutional court case discrimination

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña

Denver, Colorado, CO · On map

Placeholder illustration for Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
Default illustration (Institutional) — replace with a rights-cleared photo when available.

The Supreme Court held that all race-based discrimination, including affirmative action favoring minorities, must pass strict judicial scrutiny[3]. The Court ruled that federal contracting programs giving preference to minority-owned businesses required the same rigorous review as programs disadvantaging minorities[3]. This decision established that the Equal Protection Clause applies equally to racial preferences for and against any group[3].

Jim Crow

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